Nine green demand stimulation policies,
leveraging four types of mechanisms.

Binding targets set on an industry requiring a specified level of uptake of low or near-zero carbon commodities, thereby increasing demand.

Instruments that incentivise the adoption of decarbonised fuels by imposing a limit on the carbon intensity of fuels used in transportation.

Restrictions set on the carbon intensity associated with the use of input materials (e.g. steel or concrete) or chemicals, calculated in terms of the carbon emissions per unit of output.

Thresholds on embodied carbon applied to consumer products (e.g. a car or a building) taking into account embodied carbon (or as part of a wider metric together with operational carbon) in the whole product.

Policies to encourage public entities to procure goods, services and other works with a lower environmental footprint.

Catalyse demand by purchasing a higher cost commodity (e.g. green ammonia) from a private sector producer and subsequently selling it on to a private sector buyer.

A cost is applied to CO₂ emissions and other greenhouse gases. The cost reflects the external damages of these emissions. 

Payments given to buyers and consumers, reducing the price they pay for materials or fuels.

Non-financial benefits or advantages provided by public bodies to industry buyers for the uptake and use of low carbon materials.